Sustainable, facile separation of the molten carbonate electrolysis cathode product

ABSTRACT

A process for the separation of electrolyte from the carbon in a solid carbon/electrolyte cathode product formed at the cathode during molten carbonate electrolysis. The processes allow for easy separation of the solid carbon product from the electrolyte without any observed detrimental effect on the structure and/or stability of the resulting solid carbon nanomaterial.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/062,103, filed Aug. 6, 2020, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/185,803, filed May 7, 2021, the contents of each of which are relied upon and incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to an improved process for the separation of electrolyte from the carbon in a solid carbon/electrolyte cathode product formed at the cathode during molten carbonate electrolysis. The processes described herein allow for easy separation of the solid carbon product from the electrolyte without any observed detrimental effect on the structure and/or stability of the resulting solid carbon product.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

One way to ameliorate the adverse consequences of rising carbon dioxide levels is by transforming carbon dioxide into a useful product. Various processes have been described to transform carbon dioxide to carbon nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, carbon nano-onions, carbon scaffolds, carbon platelets, and graphene, by molten carbonate electrolysis (see, e.g., citations 1-6 listed herein). For example, carbon nanotubes may be formed by electrolysis in molten lithium carbonate (melting point 723° C.) or in related mixes including alkali or alkali earth carbonates, with or without oxides, borates, phosphates, sulfates, nitrates, chlorides or other inorganic salts. During this electrolysis, the carbon nanomaterials are typically deposited on the electrolysis cathode but are bound to the cathode with an excess of electrolyte.

Some processes explored to separate the carbon from the carbonate electrolyte in the resulting product include a variety of aqueous washes or drawing the molten electrolyte through a mesh with a BNZ (calcium aluminum silicate) firebrick (see, e.g., citation 2). The aqueous washing methodologies require cooling and heat is reversibly lost from the electrolysis cell. Both the aqueous and molten firebrick extraction consumes large amounts of material, which is detrimental to sustainability of the overall carbon dioxide removal process. For example, the aqueous separations may be accomplished by the addition of copious amounts of water and additives such as ammonia sulfate, or formic or hydrochloric acid to facilitate dissolution of the carbonate into the aqueous phase for separation from the solid carbon product. For the (molten) solid carbon/electrolyte product the firebrick acts to draw the molten carbon electrolyte by chemical reaction with the aluminate or silicate component of the firebrick. These firebrick components are consumed during the separation, such as without being bound by any theory or specific equation, the reaction of lithium carbonate consuming firebrick materials exemplified by the consumption of alumina, and silicon dioxide respectively to lithium aluminate and lithium ortho or meta silicate:

Li₂CO₃+Al₂O₃→2 LiAlO₂+CO₂ (gas evolved)   (1)

2Li₂CO₃+SiO₂→Li₄SiO₄+2CO₂ (gas evolved)   (2a)

Li₂CO₃+SiO₂→Li₂SiO₃+CO₂ (gas evolved)   (2b)

Carbon nanotubes are flexible and have the highest tensile strength of any material measured to date (see, e.g., citations 7 and 8 listed herein). Recently, it has been observed that the carbon product of molten carbonate electrolysis can include a matrix of intermingled carbon nanotubes (see, e.g., citation 2 listed herein).

There is therefore a need for new and efficient processes to separate electrolyte from the solid carbon nanomaterial formed at the cathode during electrolysis, thereby providing a more sustainable (e.g., preventing heat and electrolyte waste), more cost-effective process and providing a cleaner, more useful nanomaterial.

The electrochemical CO₂ reductive splitting to carbon in a molten salt electrolyte is a promising and comprehensive solution to mitigate the increasing levels of atmospheric CO₂, see, e.g., citations 9-13. Recently, this electrochemical CO₂ utilization has been widely explored owing to the flexible operation parameter, high coulombic efficiency, and controllable carbon products. Of particular interest is the production of Carbon NanoTubes (CNTs) by electrolysis splitting of CO₂ in molten carbonate, see, e.g., citations 14-17. CNTs are flexible and have the highest tensile strength of any material measured to date, see, e.g., citations 18, 21. If Li₂CO₃ (melting point 723° C.) is used as the electrolyte the electrolysis can proceed in accordance with equations 3 to 5:

Li₂CO₃→C_(CNT)+O₂+Li₂O   (3)

CO₂ added to the electrolyte dissolves and chemically reacts with lithium oxide to renew and reform Li₂CO₃:

CO₂+Li₂O→Li₂CO₃   (4)

CO₂C_(CNT)+O₂   (5)

The developing lab experience has allowed the process to be scaled up for industrialization, see, e.g., citation 16. However, the novel technology is hindered by a harsh purification processing of the products. Because of the CNT products sponge-like characteristic, raw cathode product typically contains over 70% electrolyte by weight and was typically purified by an acidification. In this process (see e.g. citation 16), hydrochloric acid is added to the raw products to dissolve the carbonate salts, and then, the solid carbon materials are filtered and rinsed with water.

Taking pure Li₂CO₃ electrolyte (not containing the carbon product) as an example, the reaction will be:

2HCl(aq)+Li₂CO₃ (solid)→CO₂(g)+H₂O+2LiCl(aq)   (6)

For each 100 g raw product with average 10 wt % of CNT,

100 g×10%=10 g=0.83 mol carbon

100 g×90%=90 g=1.22 mol Li₂CO₃

2×1.22 mol=2.44 mol HCl

This purification method not only entails extensive acid usage, but also produces more CO₂ than captured. Therefore, it is not typically considered a green process. However, if the CNTs were synthesized from CO₂, and also combined with the separation, the overall process would be carbon negative.

Molten salt separation processes have been extensively studied in the past half-century (see, e.g., citations 20-21) specifically for metal and electrolyte purification in electrochemical metallurgy (citations 22-23). In electrolytic aluminum production, a ceramic membrane filtration process was developed for the in-situ electrolyte separation from solid impurities, see, e.g., citations 24-26.

The molten salt CO₂ electrochemical system contains liquid electrolyte bulk electrolyte and a solid nanocarbon product combined with the liquid electrolyte at the cathode. This situation is different from the electrolytic aluminum separation, in that the molten carbonate process operates at a lower temperature and generates a solid product as a gel on the cathode, while in aluminum production the product is the metal in the liquid product phase. Thus, the aluminum separating process is unsuitable to be directly adapted to the molten salt CO₂ electrolysis. The principles and technical features of the press filtration have been introduced in many works of literature but has been mainly used for a separation and dehydration of the waste slurry at ambient temperature. Press filtration remains unfamiliar territory in the molten 700 to 800° C. carbonate salt temperature domain.

U.S. Pat. No. 11,028,493, to the present Applicant, discloses a process for separating electrolyte from a solid carbon product/molten electrolyte mixture.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

New technology for a suitable and practical separation of CNTs from molten carbonate is urgently needed to fill this drawback in the process of CO₂ electrolysis industrialization. Herein, a procedure of the High-Temperature Press Filtration (HTPF) is designed and optimized for efficient separation of nanocarbon products within a molten carbonate gel. This green and scalable technology is ready to be equipped with the commercial electrolysis cell for a facile and smooth operation.

The present invention relates to an improved process for the separation of the carbon product from a solid carbon/molten electrolyte mixed product (a carbanogel) formed, e.g., on the cathode, during a carbonate electrolysis reaction.

Molten salt electrochemical CO₂ conversion to value-added materials is gaining momentum in large-scale industrialization for reducing global CO₂ emissions. However, the adoption of this novel technology is being limited by the environmental impact of the product purification process. A typical prior separation of raw products from a carbonate electrolyte used hydrochloric acid to dissolve the carbonate salts, and then the insoluble carbon product is filtered, rinsed, and dried. Due to the excessive acid usage, which releases unnecessary CO₂ evolution and wastes water, the green impact would decrease if the molten electrolysis consumed CO₂.

A variety of carbon nanomaterials can be deposited on the cathode by control of the electrolysis conditions. During deposition, the carbon formed at the cathode exhibits a strong affinity for electrolyte, and the cathode product contains a mix of solid carbon and molten electrolyte. The deposited cathode product is a paste or gel at temperatures above the melting point of the electrolyte, or when the cathode is removed and allowed to cool to room temperature, the cathode product is a solid mixture of the carbon and congealed electrolyte. In either case, the cathode deposition contains a majority of electrolyte by mass compared to carbon. The solid carbon product/electrolyte mix is spontaneously formed on the cathode in real time during the electrolysis, and not after the solid carbon is formed. Solid product is not dislodged from the cathode to subsequently form a slurry with the electrolyte. The paste is black in color (and red hot) and is clearly distinguished from the clear molten electrolyte between the electrodes and in the electrolysis chamber. The product is a thick paste layer on the cathode which grows as the electrolysis continues. Depending on the electrolysis conditions, the percentage of electrolyte in the paste which contains the cathode product ranges from 70 to 97 percent by weight and is typically in the range from 90 to 97 percent by weight.

The present inventor has surprisingly found that the solid carbon product can be separated from a solid carbon/molten electrolyte mixed product (carbanogel) by a compression process, and that carbanogels formed on the cathode during a molten carbon carbonate electrolysis reaction can be repeatedly compressed without any observed detrimental effect on the structure and/or stability of the resulting solid carbon nanomaterial, thereby allowing for efficient separation of the desired solid carbon product.

Typically, individual carbon nanomaterials have a diameter of less than 500 nm. The present inventor has also surprisingly found that carbon nanotubes comprising a matrix of highly porous, intermingled carbon nanotubes that are greater than, for example, 500 nm height, can be repeatedly compressed to a small fraction of their initial volume without damage the structure of the carbon nanomaterials (see, e.g., citations 27-29 listed herein).

Typically, the desired carbon product develops as a thick paste on the cathode (it is not released into the free, circulating electrolyte) during the electrolysis reaction. The paste comprises solid carbon product and bound electrolyte. In the processes described herein, the paste containing solid carbon product is separated from the bound electrolyte. The electrolyte in the paste is stationary and is separate from the free electrolyte situated in the electrolysis chamber.

Disclosed herein is a High-Temperature Press Filtration (HTPF) method for scalable and sustainable separation and purification of carbon products from molten salts. In this embodiment, over 95% of the electrolyte was extracted from the cathode product directly. After the filtration process, the high-temperature electrolyte can be conveniently recycled back to the electrolysis cell which preserves heat energy and reduces material waste.

In one aspect, the present invention relates to a process for preparing a solid carbon product. In one embodiment, the process comprises separating electrolyte from a solid carbon/molten electrolyte mixed product (a “carbanogel”) formed during a carbonate electrolysis. In one embodiment, the process comprises:

(i) applying a force to a solid carbon/molten electrolyte mixed product to remove the electrolyte;

(ii) removing the force; and

(iii) optionally, isolating the solid carbon product.

In one embodiment of any of the processes described herein, steps (i) and (ii) are repeated one or more times, such as two, three or four times, prior to step (iii).

In certain embodiments of any of the processes described herein, the force is applied, such as by compression or by turbulence. In other embodiments of any of the processes described herein, the force is gravitational.

In certain embodiments of any of the processes described herein, the force (compression) is applied manually, pneumatically or hydraulically.

In certain embodiments of any of the processes described herein, the force (compression) is conducted at a pressure of between about 10 psi and about 100,000 psi, such as between about 50 psi and about 50,000 psi, or between at about 100 psi and about 1,000 psi.

In certain embodiments of any of the processes described herein, the electrolyte is removed through an interface with pores, such as, for example, a filter, a porous carbon felt, a graphite felt, a metal mesh, a porous or sieve ceramic, or any combination thereof.

In one embodiment, the pore size of the interface is smaller than the solid carbon matrix product size. For example, the pore size of the interface may be between about 10 μm and about 10 mm, such as between about 50 μm and about 5 mm or between about 70 μm and about 3 mm.

In one embodiment of any of the processes described herein, the process in conducted in vacuo (i.e., by applying a vacuum during the separation/extraction process). In one embodiment, the vacuum enhances removal of the electrolyte and separation of the solid carbon product.

In one embodiment of any of the processes described herein, the vacuum applied is between about 0.1 and about 0.9 atmospheres.

In another embodiment of any of the processes described herein, the vacuum applied is greater than about 0.8 atmospheres, or greater than about 0.9 atmospheres, such as between about 0.8 and about 0.999 atmospheres, or between about 0.9 and about 0.99 atmospheres.

In another embodiment of any of the processes described herein, the process is conducted at a pressure between about 0.1 and about 0.9 atmospheres, such as between about 0.2 and about 0.9 atmospheres.

In another embodiment of any of the processes described herein, the process is conducted at a pressure less than about 0.1 atmospheres, such as less than about 0.01 atmospheres.

In one embodiment of any of the processes described herein, the vacuum applied is between about 0.01 MPa and about 0.1 MPa, such as between about 0.05 MPa and about 0.1 MPa, such as about 0.09 MPa.

In another embodiment of any of the processes described herein, the process is conducted in the absence of oxygen, for example, under a blanket of gas that is free or substantially free of oxygen (an oxygen excluding gas). For example, in one embodiment, the oxygen excluding gas blankets the mixed product to protect the solid carbon product from oxidation.

In certain embodiments, the oxygen excluding gas is an inert non-oxidizing gas, such as, for example, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, argon, or a reducing gas, such as, for example, methane, ammonia, hydrogen and hydrogen sulfide, and any combination of any of the foregoing.

In another embodiment of any of the processes described herein, the process is conducted at a temperature between about 399° C. and about 900° C., such as between about 700° C. and about 900° C. In another embodiment of any of the processes described herein, the process is conducted at a temperature of about 399° C., about 723° C. or about 891° C., which correspond, respectively, to the melting points of eutectic lithium sodium potassium carbonate, lithium carbonate, and pure potassium carbonate.

In another embodiment of any of the processes described herein, the mixed product is cooled to below the point of solidification, such as below 700° C., after its formation by electrolysis and then reheated/melted prior to the one or more compression step(s) in the processes described herein.

In other embodiments of any of the processes described herein, the solid carbon/molten electrolyte mixed product is compressed directly on the cathode in the electrolysis chamber.

In one embodiment of any of the processes described herein, the solid carbon/molten electrolyte mixed product is removed from the cathode.

In another embodiment of any of the processes described herein, the solid carbon/molten electrolyte mixed product is removed from the cathode in the electrolysis chamber, e.g. without pumping, into a separate extraction compression chamber prior to separation of the solid product.

In another embodiment of any of the processes described herein, the process does not involve a flowing electrolyte.

In another embodiment of any of the processes described herein, the process does not involve a recirculation loop.

In another embodiment of any of the processes described herein, the resulting solid carbon product has an average thickness greater than 10 μm, such as greater than 0.3 mm, greater than 1 mm or greater than 3 mm.

In another embodiment, of any of the processes described herein, the resulting solid carbon product comprises greater than about 80% carbon nano-materials, such as greater than about 85%, greater than about 90% or greater than about 95% carbon nano-materials. In a preferred embodiment, the carbon nano-materials are carbon nanotubes, carbon nano-onions, carbon nano-platelets, carbon nano-scaffolds, graphene or any combination thereof.

In another embodiment, of any of the processes described herein, a morphological template is not present on the cathode during formation and/or separation (compression) of the solid carbon/molten electrolyte mixed product.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to a chamber useful for conducting any of the process described herein.

In one embodiment, the present invention relates to an extraction chamber for separating electrolyte from a solid carbon/molten electrolyte mixed product formed during a carbonate electrolysis, the extraction chamber comprising

(i) a solid carbon/molten electrolyte mixed product formed during a carbonate electrolysis;

(ii) a compression device compressing the solid carbon/molten electrolyte mixed product;

(iii) a removal device configured to remove the compression;

(iv) an interface with pores through which electrolyte separated from the mixed product during compression is collected; and

(v) optionally, a vacuum applied to the extraction chamber.

In one embodiment, the extraction chamber is rectangular or circular.

In one embodiment, the extraction chamber is operated in the vertical mode.

In one embodiment, the extraction chamber is operated in the horizontal mode.

In one embodiment, the extraction chamber is operated in an angular mode.

In one embodiment, the extraction chamber is operated within a kiln.

In one embodiment, the extraction chamber is situated with an electrolysis chamber.

In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a system for separating material from raw product, comprising:

an extraction chamber having an interior space;

a divider plate extending transversely across the extraction chamber at the interior space, said divider plate having through-holes and a top surface;

one or more filters positioned at the top surface of said divider plate, said one or more filters retaining the raw product;

a lid applying a gravity force to the raw product in the extraction chamber; and a collector chamber positioned below the divider plate to receive material passing through said one or more filters and said divider plate.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a block diagram showing separation at the cathode in an electrolysis chamber of electrolyte from the solid carbon in the solid carbon/electrolyte cathode product of a molten carbonate electrolysis reaction.

FIG. 1B is a block diagram showing separation in an extraction chamber (not at the cathode in an electrolysis chamber) of electrolyte from the solid carbon in the solid carbon/electrolyte cathode product of a molten carbonate electrolysis reaction.

FIG. 2A shows one exemplary shape of a suitable extraction chamber for use in the processes described herein.

FIG. 2B shows another exemplary shape of a suitable extraction chamber for use in the processes described herein.

FIG. 2C shows another exemplary shape of a suitable extraction chamber for use in the processes described herein.

FIG. 2D shows another exemplary shape of a suitable extraction chamber for use in the processes described herein.

FIG. 2E shows another exemplary shape of a suitable extraction chamber for use in the processes described herein.

FIG. 3A shows exemplary rectangular extraction chambers for use in the processes described herein.

FIG. 3B shows exemplary circular extraction chambers for use in the processes described herein.

FIG. 3C shows an exemplary extraction chamber for use in the processes described herein operating in the vertical mode.

FIG. 3D shows an exemplary extraction chamber for use in the processes described herein operating in the horizontal mode.

FIG. 4A shows an exemplary extraction chamber for collecting raw material from an electrode in accordance with the processes described herein, with the extraction chamber positioned at an angle and directly interfaced to the electrolysis chamber.

FIG. 4B shows an exemplary extraction chamber for collecting raw material from an electrode in accordance with the processes described herein, with the extraction chamber positioned at an angle and directly interfaced to the electrolysis chamber.

FIG. 4C shows an exemplary extraction chamber for collecting raw material from an electrode in accordance with the processes described herein, with the extraction chamber positioned at an angle and directly interfaced to the electrolysis chamber.

FIG. 4D shows an exemplary extraction chamber for collecting raw material from an electrode in accordance with the processes described herein, with the extraction chamber positioned at an angle and directly interfaced to the electrolysis chamber.

FIG. 4E shows an exemplary extraction chamber for collecting raw material from an electrode in accordance with the processes described herein, with the extraction chamber positioned at an angle and directly interfaced to the electrolysis chamber.

FIG. 5 shows an exemplary extraction chamber for use in the processes described herein that can be operated with or without a vacuum system to separate the electrolyte in vacuo.

FIG. 6A shows pressure being applied to extraction chamber for use in the processes described herein by mechanical pressure. The extraction unit is inside the kiln.

FIG. 6B shows pressure being applied to extraction chamber for use in the processes described herein by pneumatic pressure. The extraction unit is inside the kiln.

FIG. 6C shows pressure being applied to extraction chamber for use in the processes described herein by hydraulic pressure. The extraction unit is inside the kiln.

FIG. 7A shows an exemplary product extractor situated within the electrolysis chamber and an extraction process.

FIG. 7B shows an exemplary product extractor situated within the electrolysis chamber and an extraction process.

FIG. 7C shows an exemplary product extractor situated within the electrolysis chamber and an extraction process.

FIG. 7D shows an exemplary product extractor situated within the electrolysis chamber and an extraction process.

FIG. 7E shows an exemplary product extractor situated within the electrolysis chamber and an extraction process.

FIG. 7F shows an exemplary product extractor situated within the electrolysis chamber and an extraction process.

FIG. 7G shows an exemplary product extractor situated within the electrolysis chamber and an extraction process.

FIG. 7H shows an exemplary product extractor situated within the electrolysis chamber and an extraction process.

FIG. 8 shows exemplary images of highly-tangled CNT matrices at various magnifications.

FIG. 9 is a diagram of a modified Paragon Caldera kiln that can be used for the temperature control in an the HTPF process.

FIG. 10 is a diagram of the steps of an exemplary HTPF process for carbon product and molten salt separation.

FIG. 11A shows images of screen initial test results related to the picture of Cu, Monel, SS 304, SS 316, and Ni screen.

FIG. 11B shows images of screen initial test results related to the metal screens before the test SEM image.

FIG. 11C shows images of screen initial test results related to the metal screens before the test SEM image.

FIG. 11D shows images of screen initial test results related to the metal screens before the test SEM image.

FIG. 11E shows images of screen initial test results related to the metal screens before the test SEM image.

FIG. 11F shows images of screen initial test results related to the metal screens before the test SEM image.

FIG. 11G shows the metal screens after the test SEM image.

FIG. 11H shows the metal screens after the test SEM image.

FIG. 11I shows the metal screens after the test SEM image.

FIG. 11J shows the metal screens after the test SEM image.

FIG. 11K shows the metal screens after the test SEM image.

FIG. 12 shows a plot of the electrolyte extraction and carbon preservation change with multiple mesh sizes.

FIG. 13A shows a plot of electrolyte extraction percentage change with force applied.

FIG. 13B shows the sample thickness before and after the HTPF.

FIG. 13C shows the sample thickness before and after the HTPF.

FIG. 13D shows the TEM image of the example of the electrolyte residue found in the CNT.

FIG. 14A shows a plot of extracted electrolyte weight change with heating time.

FIG. 14B shows a plot of final carbon product weight change with heating time.

FIG. 14C shows an SEM image of the initial product and the product pressed for 0.5 hr, 1 hr, 2 hrs, and 3 hrs.

FIG. 14D shows an SEM image of the initial product and the product pressed for 0.5 hr, 1 hr, 2 hrs, and 3 hrs.

FIG. 14E shows an SEM image of the initial product and the product pressed for 0.5 hr, 1 hr, 2 hrs, and 3 hrs.

FIG. 14F shows an SEM image of the initial product and the product pressed for 0.5 hr, 1 hr, 2 hrs, and 3 hrs.

FIG. 14G shows an SEM image of the initial product and the product pressed for 0.5 hr, 1 hr, 2 hrs, and 3 hrs.

FIG. 15 is a diagram of the steps of an exemplary HTPF process for carbon product and molten salt separation using gravitational force.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In describing the illustrative, non-limiting embodiments of the invention illustrated in the drawings, specific terminology will be resorted to for the sake of clarity. However, the invention is not intended to be limited to the specific terms so selected, and it is to be understood that each specific term includes all technical equivalents that operate in similar manner to accomplish a similar purpose. Several embodiments of the invention are described for illustrative purposes, it being understood that the invention may be embodied in other forms not specifically shown in the drawings.

U.S. Publication Nos. 2019/0039040 and 2018/0044183, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties, describe the synthesis of carbon nanomaterials via electrolysis in carbonate containing molten electrolytes.

As used herein, the term “carbanogel” refers to a product analogous to an aerogel in which the air in the aerogel is replaced by molten carbonate. For example, a carbanogel contains a majority of molten carbonate with an intermingled solid matrix component. For sustainable, effective carbon dioxide splitting the electrolyte trapped in the carbanogel product of molten carbonate electrolysis needs to be separated to be available for continued use in the electrolysis.

As used herein, a gas that is “substantially free of oxygen” means a gas than contains less that about 1000 ppm of oxygen, such as less than about 500 ppm, less than about 400 ppm, less than about 300 ppm, less than about 200 ppm, less than about 100 ppm, less than about 50 ppm, less than about 25 ppm, less than about 10 ppm, less than about 5 ppm, or less than about 1 ppm, of oxygen.

FIG. 1A is a diagram of an exemplary extraction system 100 that separates electrolyte from solid carbon in the solid carbon/electrolyte product formed at the cathode during a molten carbonate electrolysis reaction. The system 100 includes a force applicator 102, a solid carbon/electrolyte product 104, a cathode 106, a filter or interface with pores 108, and an electrolyte 110 pressed out of the solid carbon/electrolyte product. Although the interface with pores 108 is shown on the side of the solid carbon electrolyte product 104 in one embodiment of FIG. 1A, it is to be understood that the interface with pores 108 alternatively can be an integral part of the cathode, if the cathode comprises a porous material, in which case the pressed electrolyte 110 is then pushed through and out the backside of the cathode 106.

More specifically, the system 100 can be a chamber, such as an extraction chamber. The chamber 100 can be formed as a single unitary housing or container 101 having an interior. As shown, the container 101 can be elongated with a bottom, two transverse sides or walls and two longitudinal sides or walls that have a substantially rectangular cross section and define a central longitudinal axis (extending along a length of the container 101), though any suitable shape and size can be utilized. The top of the container 101 is open, though a cover with holes can optionally be placed over at least two side sections 101 a, 101 c of the container 101. The transverse walls extend substantially orthogonal to the longitudinal axis and the longitudinal sides extend substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis.

One or more dividing panels or separators, such as filters, membranes or interfaces are received in the interior of the container 101. Here, a first interface 108 a has a first side and a second side opposite the first side. The first side of the first interface 108 a faces one transverse side of the container 101 to define a first section 101 a of the interior of the container 101 between the first side of the first interface 108 a and the transverse side of the container 101. A second interface 108 b has a first side and a second side opposite the first side. The first side of the second interface 108 b faces the second side of the first interface 108 a to define a second section 101 b of the interior of the container 101 between the first side of the second interface 108 b and the second side of the first interface 108 a. The second side of the second interface 108 b faces the other transverse side of the container 101 to define a third section 101 c of the interior of the container 101 between the second side of the second interface 108 b and the other transverse side of the container 101. The center section 101 b forms an extraction chamber or container, and the two side sections 101 a, 101 c each form a collection chamber or container.

As shown, each section 101 a, 101 b, 101 c can have a substantially square cross section, though any suitable shape and size can be utilized. The interfaces 108 are relatively thin and can form a plate (or two plates with filter material therebetween) with two opposite sides that are relatively flat and planar and can have multiple holes that allow material to pass from the center section 101 b to one of the two outer sections 101 a, 101 c through the interface 108. The interfaces 108 extend substantially transverse to the longitudinal axis of the container across the entire width and height, and parallel to the transverse sides of the container 101, so that material in the center section 101 b cannot pass to the outer sections 101 a, 101 c, except through one of the two interfaces 108 a, 108 b. The interfaces 108 a, 108 b can be any suitable device that separates material. Each section 101 a, 101 b, 101 c has a respective interior space of the interior of the container 101.

The middle or center section 101 b of the container 101 receives the force applicator 102, the cathode 106, and the material 104, such as a carbon/electrolyte product. The force applicator 102 is sized and shaped to the center section 101 b, here shown as a compressor formed by a flat square or rectangular plate that extends the entire space between the two interfaces 108 a, 108 b and the two longitudinal sides of the container 101. The cathode 106 can also be a flat square or rectangular plate that extends the entire space between the two interfaces 108 a, 108 b and the two longitudinal sides of the container 101. The cathode 106 can be situated, for example at the bottom of the interior space of the center section 101 b.

As illustrated by the large arrows in FIG. 1A, the cathode 106 and material 104 is placed in the center section 101 b. The compressor 102 is located above the center section 101 b and is forced downward into the center section 101 b, such as by pneumatic operation. As the compressor 102 moves downward, it forces product 104 to separate. The first interface 108 a can have a first filter mechanism (e.g., first porous material) that filters a first product (i.e., gas, liquid or material), and the second interface 108 b can have a second filter mechanism (e.g., second porous material) that filters a second product (e.g., gas, liquid or material) which is the same or different from the first product. Here, both the first and second interfaces 108 a, 108 b filter carbon so that only an electrolyte 110 can pass through the interfaces 108 a, 108 b into the first and second sections 101 a, 101 c, respectively. As noted, the compressor 102 is sized and shaped to match the size and shape of the center section 101 b so that material 104 doesn't escape around the sides of the compressor 102 as it compresses downward, but instead the material 104 presses through the interfaces 108 a, 108 b.

In a further embodiment, an oxygen excluding gas (e.g., a gas that is free or substantially free of oxygen) 112 may optionally be used to blanket (e.g., completely cover) the system 100, for example, to prevent oxidation of the solid carbon during electrolyte separation from the solid carbon/electrolyte product 104. In this embodiment, the system 100 can include a main housing that encloses the compressor 102 and the container 101, such as shown for example in FIGS. 2A-2C (see., e.g., main housing 201). The gas 112 can be pumped into the main housing around the container 101 to contact the product 104 and/or electrolyte 110 in any of the sections 101 a, 101 b, 101 c.

The chamber 100 of FIG. 1A has sections 101 a, 101 b, 101 c arranged in a side-by-side relationship, and with electrolyte being filtered into the two outer sections 101 a, 101 c. However, the sections 101 can be arranged in any suitable manner, and only a single section (or compartment) is needed to hold the product 104 and another section (or compartment or container) is needed to receive the filtered electrolyte 110.

FIG. 1B is a diagram of an exemplary system 200 that separates electrolyte from solid carbon in a solid carbon/electrolyte product in an extraction chamber. Using similar components as labeled in FIG. 1A, the solid carbon/electrolyte product 104 is first removed from the cathode of the electrolysis chamber (not shown) and placed as a gel (hot) or initially solid (frozen gel, then reheated to a molten gel) into the electrolyte pressing extraction reservoir or chamber 210. As a further embodiment, an optional vacuum 220 can be applied to the pressing chamber to provide a pull of electrolyte through the interface with pores 108.

More specifically, the extraction chamber 200 has a housing 202 with four sides or walls 204 forming a container with an interior space and a square or rectangular cross section. The housing 202 has an open top and an open bottom. The interface 108 is provided at the bottom of the housing 202 and closes the open bottom of the housing 202. Product 104 is placed in the interior of the housing 202. The lower container or extraction chamber 210 is located beneath the housing 202 and interface 108. The compressor 102 is sized and shaped to match the size and shape of the interior of the housing 202, and pushes downward on the product 104, forcing electrolyte through the interface 108 and into the extraction reservoir, such as a square or rectangular chamber 210. In addition, an optional vacuum 220 can be provided with or instead of the compressor 102 to further facilitate electrolyte passing through the interface 108; though it is also noted that some electrolyte may pass through the interface 108 by force of gravity without the use of a compressor 102 and/or vacuum 220. The vacuum 220 can also operate as a drain to collect separated electrolyte, or a separate drain (e.g., a hose or line) can be provided. The interface 108 prevents carbon from passing, so only electrolyte enters the extraction chamber 210. Though not shown, a cathode 106 can also be located in the housing 202.

FIGS. 2-6 show other embodiments of the invention. The system can have any suitable size or shape and be configured vertically, horizontally or at an angle. Turning to FIGS. 2A, 3D, a horizontal configuration of the extractor system 300 is shown. The system 300 has an extraction container or chamber 302, an electrolyte collection chamber 310, and a filter 308 between the container 302 and the collection chamber 310. The extraction chamber 302 has a top, bottom and at least two sides or walls, here shown as longitudinal walls extending along the length of the chamber 302. One side can be open to receive the plate of the compressor 102. In the embodiment shown, the chamber 302 is elongated and the compressor 102 is received at an open proximal transverse end of the chamber 302. The compressor 102 extends along the longitudinal axis of the chamber 302 from a proximal end of the chamber 302. Raw product 304 can enter through an opening in a side wall or the top.

The interface or filter 308 is located at the open distal transverse end of the extraction chamber 302, and the collection chamber 310 is connected to the distal transverse end of the extraction chamber 302. A heat zone 306 can be provided at a portion of the container 300, such as at a proximal portion and immediately adjacent to the interface or filter 308. The compressor 102 pushes inward from the proximal end to the distal end so that heated product passes through the filter 308 and into the electrolyte collection reservoir or chamber 310. The vacuum 320 can be connected to the electrolyte collection reservoir 310 to facilitate electrolyte passing through the filter 308 into the reservoir 310. The vacuum 320 can be coupled on a side of the reservoir 310 opposite the filter 308. The vacuum acts to both pull electrolyte from the carbon nanogel and to protect it from oxidations

As shown in FIGS. 2B, 2C, 3B, the compressor 102 and container 202 can be circular, and FIGS. 2B, 2C, 3C show that the compressor 102 can engage or attach to a main housing 201. Turning to FIGS. 2D, 2E, the container 202 can have a support shelf or ledge 205 extend inwardly from one or more of the side walls 204. A steel support plate 212 can be placed on the ledge 205. The support plate 212 has a plurality of openings, such as forming a honeycomb pattern. The plate 212 can support an interface 208 that is placed on top of the plate 212, such as a filtering membrane, mesh screen, felt material or the like.

FIG. 3A shows a chamber 202 for use with a molten paste material from an electrode that contains carbon product and electrolyte. The paste is on top of a mesh screen 208 on a porous support 212. The compressor pushes down on the paste and electrolyte passes through the mesh screen 208 into a separate container or the bottom of the chamber. The chamber 202 can be gas tight, and oxygen-free gas (e.g., Ar, N₂, CO₂) or a vacuum can be applied inside the container around the paste material.

FIG. 3B shows that instead of an internal support ledge 205, a grating support can be provided to support the porous mesh support 212. In addition, a mesh screen 208 can be provided on top of the mesh support 212, and the sample is placed on top of the mesh screen 208. A heater can be provided to heat the system, for example the system can be inside a kiln or coupled to a kiln.

FIGS. 2B, 2C show that the compressor 102 can be formed as a plate and a threaded bar. The threaded bar can extend through a threaded opening in the top plate of the main housing 201 and the threaded bar can be rotated in the opening to extend the bar and plate further into the container 202. FIG. 3C shows another embodiment in which the compressor 102 has a press plate and a scissor-type hydraulic jack mounted to the press plate. The jack presses against the top plate of the main housing 201, and a threaded bar in the jack can be rotated to extend the jack and move the press bar or rod and press plate further into the container 202. FIG. 3C also shows a molten paste product in the container 202 from the electrode. The molten paste product contains carbon product and electrolyte. The press plate forces electrolyte out of the paste product, through a mesh screen 208 positioned on a porous support 212, into a collection reservoir at the bottom of the container 202. In addition, a divider 207 is provided in the main housing 207. The divider 207 is a plate that extends across the main housing 201 and around the compressor 102, such as the rod of the compressor 102. The divider 207 forms a gas-tight seal and encloses the container 202. An oxygen-free gas can be introduced into the sealed enclosure. The gas comes into contact with the product when the paste product from the electrode is introduced prior to placement of the press plate, or during pressing through any leaks in the seal between the press plate and the paste product from the electrode.

FIGS. 4A-4E show a collection chamber 450 positioned with respect to an electrolysis chamber 400 and operating to remove product. In FIG. 4A, the electrolysis chamber 400 is shown with a cathode electrode positioned between two anode electrodes, surrounded by electrolyte. The collection chamber 450 is integrally formed with our coupled to the electrolysis chamber 400. The collection chamber 450 is above the level of the electrolyte in the electrolysis chamber 400. A transport apparatus is coupled to the cathode, such as by a wire, bar or solid rod, and configured to move the cathode from the electrolysis chamber 400 to the collection chamber 450. Here, the transport apparatus includes a conveyor device that is located above the electrolysis chamber 400 and the collection chamber 450. When carbon is attached to the cathode, one or more transport motors are operated to vertically raise the cathode out of the electrolysis chamber 400, FIG. 4B, and then move the cathode horizontally over the collection chamber 450, FIG. 4C. The compressor 452 is withdrawn from the collection chamber 450, and the cathode is lowered by the transport apparatus into an opening in the collection chamber 450.

Raw product is then released from the cathode into the collection chamber. For example, the collection chamber 450 can have one or more scraper blades 454 positioned in the opening of the collection chamber 450. A scraper channel or opening is formed between the one or more blades 454. The cathode is lowered into the scraper channel between the scraper blades 454, which forces the raw product off of the cathode and into the collection chamber 450. The compressor then extends into the collection chamber and compresses the raw product. Electrolyte from the product passes through the interface of the collection chamber and returns directly into the electrolysis chamber, while carbon remains in the collection chamber. The extracted carbon product is removed together with the collection chamber. It is further noted that any of the systems of FIGS. 1-3, 5-7 can be utilized for the collection chamber 450 of FIGS. 4A-4E. in addition, while the collection chamber 450 is shown at an angle with respect to the electrolysis chamber 400, the collection chamber 450 can be positioned vertically or horizontally with respect to the electrolysis chamber 400.

FIG. 5 shows a product extractor or collection chamber 450 and vacuum system 456 in a vertical arrangement. A vacuum system 456 can optionally be attached to the collection chamber 450. The collection chamber 450 can be a container with walls, here shown as a cube with rectangular or square sides and an open bottom. The vacuum system 456 includes an extraction chamber 410, gasket or sealant 412, and vacuum line 420. The extraction chamber 410 can be a container or reservoir that retains electrolyte that is drawn out of the extractor 450. The extraction chamber 410 is shown as a cube with square or rectangular sides and an open top. The seal 412 is provided at the top edge of the extraction chamber 410 and bottom edge of the collection chamber 450 to form an air-tight seal between the collection chamber 450 and the extraction chamber 410. The vacuum line 420 is coupled to the extraction chamber 410 and in gas communication therewith. Once the seal is formed, the vacuum line 420 can create a vacuum or negative pressure in the extraction chamber 410, that in turn pulls electrolyte out of the product contained in the collection chamber 450. The extraction chamber 410 can then be removed, the electrolyte emptied, and the extraction chamber replaced. The vacuum system 456 shown in FIG. 5 can be utilized with any of the systems 100, 200, 300 of FIGS. 1-4 . The drain tube or pipe 458 drains accumulation of excess electrolyte that has been separated from the paste product from the electrode.

FIGS. 6A, 6B, 6C show the extraction chamber 200 having a vertical configuration. As noted above with respect to FIG. 3C, the extraction chamber 200 can be enclosed in a main housing 201 that forms a complete enclosure around the extraction chamber 200. FIGS. 6A, 6B, 6C show that the main housing 201 can be a frame 203 that extends over the extraction chamber 200. The frame 203 has two elongated vertical support members and a horizontal cross-member connecting the two vertical members. The vertical members can be fixed to the ground or to a horizontal base or platform 209. The extraction chamber 200 can be positioned on the base 209. As further shown in FIG. 6B, the extraction chamber 200 can be located within a kiln to control the temperature in the extraction chamber 200. FIGS. 6A, 6C show the compressor 102 having a threaded rod attached to the frame cross-member and a press plate, and FIG. 6B shows the compressor 102 having a scissor-type jack mechanism coupled to the cross-member of the frame 203. FIG. 6C also show round electrolyte from a product extraction unit.

FIGS. 7A-7H show yet another embodiment of the invention. Here, the extraction system 500 is shown. The system 500 includes an electrolysis and extraction chamber 502, transport assembly 520, housing 530, and a compressor and collection assembly 550. The electrolysis and extraction chamber 502 is a container having one or more vertical side walls 504, a bottom, and a top that is at least partially open. The container receives an anode electrode, a cathode electrode, and a liquid electrolyte that surrounds the anode and cathode. An opening 506 is provided along the at least one wall 504, at a position above the level of electrolyte in the chamber 502.

The housing 530 at least partly encloses the electrolysis chamber 502. Here, the housing 530 can be a frame having an elongated support frame member extending horizontally over the electrolysis chamber 500. The support frame member can connect with other frame features, such as vertical support beams that are connected to a base, as in FIGS. 6A, 6B.

The transport assembly 520 is used to raise the cathode out of the electrolyte to remove the raw product, and then lower the cathode back into the electrolyte after the raw product is removed. That can be accomplished by any suitable mechanism(s), such as for example a motor, a gear or wheel, and a line. The motor and rotational wheel can be connected to the horizontal support frame 530. The line is coupled with the wheel and the cathode. The motor is operated to rotate the wheel, which in turn raises and lowers the cathode. The anode can also be separately connected to the transport assembly 520 by a separate line and wheel and have a separate or shared motor.

The compressor and collection assembly 550 has an extension rod 552, press plate 554, press wall 556, and collection device 560. The extraction assembly 550 is received in an opening 506 in the one or more side walls of the electrolysis chamber 500, and the entirety of the extraction assembly 550 is positioned above the electrolyte in the electrolysis chamber 500. The press plate 554 is positioned vertically inside the electrolysis chamber 500, and the rod 552 extends horizontally through the wall opening 506 to the exterior of the electrolysis chamber 500. The press wall 556 is a vertical plate or wall with a proximal end that is coupled to and extends downward from the horizontal support frame member 530. The wall 556 has a distal end that extends downward into the electrolysis chamber 500. In the embodiment shown, the distal end of the wall 556 stops above the electrolyte, so that the wall does not touch the electrolyte at the bottom portion of the electrolysis chamber 500. The press wall 556 can have other support members, such as horizontal beams that connect with the frame at the bottom end of the wall 556. The press wall 556 has two sides each with a respective opposite outwardly-facing surface. A first wall surface faces toward the compressor 550 and a second wall surface faces away from the compressor 550. The first wall surface is aligned with and faces an inward facing surface of the press plate 554. The rod 552 moves the press plate 554 horizontally forward and inward into the container 502 toward the press wall 556. Of course, other suitable means can be provided to move the press plate forward, such as a scissor-like jack positioned on the wall of the container 502.

The collection device 560 is situated at the bottom end of the press plate 554. As shown, the collection device 560 can be a shelf that extends horizontally outward from the bottommost edge of the press plate 560, substantially orthogonal to the inwardly facing surface of the press plate 560. The collection device 560 is sized to collect carbon (graphene) that is removed from the cathode. The collection device 560 can be received in a channel formed in the bottom end of the press plate 560, or attached to the bottom edge of the press plate 560. However, other suitable collection means can be provided, for example the collection device 560 need not be connected to the press plate 554, but instead can be connected to the at least one chamber wall 504 of the electrolysis chamber 502, and extend outward from the chamber wall 504 and inwardly toward the press wall 556.

Starting at FIG. 7E, operation of the extraction system 500 begins with the anode and electrode lowered by the transport mechanism 520 into the electrolyte inside the electrolysis and extraction chamber 502. The compression rod 552 is fully receded so that the press plate 554 is withdrawn and can be against the one or more walls 504. At that point, electrolysis begins. In FIG. 7F, gas is emitted from the reaction at the anode and product begins to accumulate on the cathode. In FIGS. 7G-7H, the reaction continues, and more and more paste product is formed on the cathode.

At FIG. 7H, the cathode is saturated with paste product. Accordingly, the motor of the transport assembly 520 is operated, and the cathode is lifted out of the electrolyte, FIG. 7A. At this point, the cathode and paste product are substantially aligned with, and parallel to, the first surface of the press wall 556 facing the press plate 554. The press wall 556 is positioned between the cathode and the anode. Accordingly, the paste product mostly accumulates on the side of the cathode that faces the press wall 556. Once the cathode is full raised, the press rod 552 is operated, moving the press plate 554 inwardly toward the press wall 556, as shown by the arrow. In FIG. 7B, the press plate 556 contacts the cathode, which in turn applies a compression force to the paste product, forcing the paste product down along the press wall 556 between the press wall 556 and the cathode.

The expelled product reaches the collection device 560. The collection device 560 can be a plate with openings or pores and can have a mesh screen or other filter mechanism situated on the porous plate. The distal end of the collection device 560 can contact the press wall 556 and/or extend under the press wall 556. The paste product expelled by the compression enters the collection device 560, which collects clean product (such as carbon or graphene), and allows clean electrolyte to pass through and return to the bottom of the electrolysis chamber 502. When pressed, electrolyte is pressed and separated from the paste through the supported screen. At FIG. 7C, the clean electrolyte has returned to the electrolysis chamber 502, and the clean product is in the collection device 560. At FIG. 7D, the press rod 552 is operated to withdraw the press plate 554 outward away from the press wall 556 and return to its initial position adjacent the chamber wall 504. The transport device then lowers the cathode back into the electrolyte for further electrolysis, and the clean product is removed from the collection device 560.

It is further noted that when the paste product is removed from the electrolyte, FIG. 7A, it will begin to cool and might solidify. A heat can be applied during the compression, FIG. 7B, to facilitate separation of the carbon and electrolyte. In addition, a scraper can be utilized to fully remove product from the press plate surface and the surface of the cathode, FIG. 7D. And as shown, the solid carbon/molten electrolyte mixed product is compressed directly on the cathode in the electrolysis chamber. In addition, it is also noted that some product may be present on both sides of the cathode, in which case product may also be directly compressed between the press plate and the cathode, and separated and collected.

Thus, as illustrated by the various embodiments, and as can be implemented by any of the embodiments unless specifically noted otherwise, the invention concerns applying a force to a nanoscopic product to macroscopically separate material. The invention is typically applied to a paste, and is especially useful for a paste product that forms at the cathode during an electrolysis reaction, and comprises a solid carbon nanomaterial product bound with some of the liquid electrolyte in which the reaction is performed (i.e., the paste is a solid carbon plus liquid electrolyte). When the paste is compressed, the bound liquid electrolyte is separated from the solid desired carbon nanomaterial product. The electrolyte is not diluted, destroyed or otherwise rendered unusable as a result of the separation process. Accordingly, the electrolyte can be recycled (e.g., returned to the electrolysis chamber) or discarded, and the solid carbon product remains. These electrolysis reactions are performed in molten electrolytes at 700+degrees C. The compression can be performed in the electrolysis chamber or outside the electrolysis chamber, and can be done while the paste is on the cathode or after it is removed from the cathode. If the compression/separation process is performed in a separate extraction chamber (i.e., not in the electrolysis chamber in which the reaction was carried out) the product can be cooled below the melting point of the electrolyte to form a solid carbon/solid electrolyte product that can be removed from the cathode, placed in the separate extraction chamber, then heated to re-melt the electrolyte so the liquid electrolyte can be removed from the desired solid carbon product in that separate chamber.

Though a compression force is illustrated, other suitable forces can be applied, such as a torque, centripetal force, twisting, or rotational force. Another suitable force is applied turbulence. The applied turbulence may be achieved with a forced gas, liquid, or solid applied to the carbon/molten electrolyte mix, which is then optionally isolated such as by filtering. Analogous applied turbulent forces may be achieved with power washers and abrasive grit blasting. And, while the invention is illustrated for use with a paste product to separate electrolyte and carbon product, the system can be utilized for separating other suitable materials. In addition, the system utilized to apply the force to a product can be any suitable configuration, and the systems shown in the figures are only for illustrative purposes and do not limit the invention. For example, the figures illustrate that any number of containers or chambers can be utilized. In FIG. 7 , a single chamber can be utilized for electrolysis, compression and separation. In FIG. 4 , a chamber is provided for compression and separation that is separate from the chamber where electrolysis occurs. In FIG. 1 , three chambers can be utilized for compression and separation, and in FIG. 2 two chambers can be utilized. The chambers can be arranged horizontally or vertically, and can have any suitable shape, such as for example rectangular, square and circular. The force can be imparted by any suitable apparatus, such as a press plate and rod or hydraulic mechanism, pneumatically or manually. In addition, the type and manner of application of force can be varied, such as for example a compression force can be applied, removed, and then applied again (and repeated), or a compression force can be applied, followed by a difference force, such as torque. Still further, the compression can be applied while the product is on the cathode, or after the product is removed from the cathode.

It is noted that high temperature presses might be thought to expose and oxidize (combust) the carbon product. However, the inventors recognized that the electrolyte itself protects the product from combustion during the pressing process. In addition, nanomaterials are too small to be separated by presses since the presses intrinsically depend on greater than micron or greater than millimeter filters, and therefore the nanomaterials are too small to be separated by the filters. However, the inventors recognized that the agglomeration and aggregation of the carbon nanotube product during electrolysis allows for filtering of nanomaterials with larger filters, such as micron and millimeter sized filters. That is, the individual carbon nanomaterial product has nanoscopic dimensions, but the carbon agglomerates, and the agglomerated product has micron and millimeter dimensions.

In another embodiment of any of the processes described herein, the electrolyte is removed through an interface with pores 108. In one embodiment, the interface with pores 108 comprises a foam, such as, for example, a porous carbon felt, a graphite felt, a metal mesh, a porous or sieve ceramic, or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the pore size of the interface with pores is between about 10 μm and about 10 mm, such as between about 0.1 mm and about 5 mm or between about 0.3 mm and about 3 mm. In a further embodiment, any of the processes described herein further comprises applying a vacuum, such as vacuum 220, during the separation/extraction process, for example, to enhance removal of the electrolyte and separation of the solid carbon product

In another embodiment, an oxygen excluding gas (e.g., a gas that is free or substantially free of oxygen), such as, for example, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, argon, or a reducing gas, such as, for example, methane, ammonia, hydrogen and hydrogen sulfide, and any combination of any of the foregoing, is used to blanket the carbon product during the separation, for example, to minimize any loss by oxidation of the carbon product during exposure to oxygen at elevated temperatures.

In other embodiments of any of the processes described herein, the molten electrolyte cathode product mix is compressed directly on the cathode in the electrolysis chamber.

In another embodiment of any of the processes described herein, the electrolyte cathode product mix is removed from the cathode in the electrolysis chamber, e.g. without pumping, into a separate extraction compression chamber prior to separation of the solid product.

In further embodiments of any of the processes described herein, the mixed product is separated without cooling from the molten stage, for example, for reinclusion in the electrolysis without loss of heat. In further embodiments of any of the processes described herein, the mixed product is cooled, and the cooled congealed product is reheated above the electrolyte melting point prior to compression (separation). In either case, the molten mix may be compressed through the application of pressure and pressed through the interface 108 with pores smaller than the carbon matrix size. The macroscopic (greater than micron) pore size is larger than the nm dimensions of nanomaterials in the carbon product, but smaller than the carbon matrix size. Product compression draws electrolyte out of the product while solid carbon is restrained by the pores and retained in the product.

Press filtration is one approach to the separation of solids from liquids. Yet the nanometer size of the solid product sought in this disclosure, CNTs, is considerably smaller than the porosity of conventional robust screening materials. For example, 10, 50, 200 or 400 mesh screens have a porosity of microns rather than nanometers ˜000 μm, ˜279 μm, μ86 μm, and ˜38 μm respectively). However, the present inventors observed that molten carbonate electrosynthesized CNTs have highly tangled matrices, and that these have a larger aggregate dimension that is sufficiently large to be separated under pressure by robust screening materials which can withstand the >700° C. molten electrolyte conditions. An example of these highly-tangled CNT matrices is shown in the SEM images of FIG. 8 , After cooling and acid wash in FIG. 8 , various other cleaned pieces removed from the cooled cathode are either smaller or larger than those show in FIG. 8 , but all are larger than 50 μm. It has been previously noted that the CNT growth can initiate outward from a layer of graphene electrochemically deposited on the cathode, and the remainder of this graphene layer is also observed in the top left panel of the figure.

Prior to any acid wash, the pores within the CNT matrix are filled with the carbonate electrolyte that comprises the majority of the space. When washed of the electrolyte, the CNT matrix is a lightweight aerogel comprised of carbon nanotubes. A new term, carbanogel, is defined here analogous to aerogels in which the majority of the air in aerogels is replaced by molten carbonate. That is, a carbanogel has a majority of molten carbonate with an intermingled solid matrix component. For sustainable, effective CO₂ splitting the electrolyte trapped in the carbanogel product of molten carbonate electrolysis needs to be separated to be available for continued use in the electrolysis.

CNT aerogels had not previously been formed by molten electrolyte electrosynthesis, but had been formed by chemical vapor deposition or within molds, and their sorbent properties have been investigated. For applications such as cleanup of chemical leakage under harsh conditions. Of relevance to the present technology, previous studies noted that these aerogel matrices, having highly porous, intermingled CNTs, can be repeatedly compressed to a small fraction of their initial volume without damage the structure of the carbon nanomaterials (citations 27-29).

Carbanogels formed on the cathode during molten carbonate electrolysis can be compressed without observed effect on the carbon nanomaterials. This separation process makes the unexpected connection between this reversible compressibility phenomenon and the desire to separate the electrolyte from the solid CNT/molten electrolyte cathode product without the addition of solvents or harsh chemicals.

EXAMPLES Example 1: Extraction using Vacuum

A solid carbon/molten electrolyte mixed product (carbonogel), removed from the cathode of a brass cathode and formed on the cathode by electrolysis in a molten alkali carbonate electrolyte at 750° C. at an applied current density of 0.1 A cm⁻² between an Inconel anode and the brass cathode for 4 hours, was separated into carbon nanotubes and clear electrolyte using the product extractor 300 shown in FIG. 2A. Carbon felt was placed on a ⅛″ honeycomb structured steel plate that acts as a support during the subsequent pressing stage. On top of the carbon felt, respective layers of 200×200, 100×100 and finally 50×50 Monel mesh were placed. Carbon dioxide flowed into the top of the extractor to prevent oxidation of the carbonogel and subsequent separated carbon product. 50 g of carbonogel product grown by electrolysis in a pure lithium carbonate electrolyte, and previously analyzed as containing 6% carbon nanomaterials and 94% electrolyte (comprising of 3 g of carbon and 47 g of electrolyte) was removed from the cathode and placed at 770° C. on top of the uppermost (50 mesh) Monel layer. Above the carbonogel was placed subsequent layers of 40×40 Inconel mesh and 200×200 Monel mesh. The press plate shown on the left side of FIG. 2A was placed on top of the uppermost mesh layer and a pressure of 0.5 tonnes was applied for 1.5 hours. A vacuum 304 of 0.08 MPa was applied through the metal tube shown on the left side of FIG. 2A. The vacuum was applied in the electrolyte collection chamber at the bottom of the extractor. Finally, the extractor was cooled, the press plate removed, the carbon product retained, and the clear extracted electrolyte removed and weighed. 87.0% of the electrolyte in the carbonogel was removed and recovered by this procedure.

Example 2: Extraction without using Vacuum

A solid carbon/molten electrolyte mixed product (carbonogel), removed from the cathode of a brass cathode and formed on the cathode by electrolysis in a molten alkali carbonate electrolyte at 750° C. at an applied current density of 0.1 A cm⁻² between an Inconel anode and the brass cathode for 4 hours, was separated into carbon nanotubes and clear electrolyte using the product extractor shown on the middle and right sides of FIG. 2A. No carbon felt was used. Use of a larger press minimized leakage at the press plate edges, and decreased the press time, both improving extraction efficiency even in the absence of a vacuum draw.

On the honeycomb structured steel support plate was placed respective layers of (1) 40×40 Inconel mesh, (2 and 3) two layers of 200×200 Monel mesh, and finally (4) another 40×40 Inconel mesh. Carbon dioxide flowed into the top of the extractor to prevent oxidation of the carbonogel and subsequent separated carbon product. 200 g of carbonogel product grown by electrolysis in a 20 wt. % sodium carbonate and 80 wt. % lithium carbonate electrolyte, and previously analyzed as containing 6% carbon nanomaterials and 94% electrolyte (comprising of 3 g of carbon and 47 g of electrolyte), was removed from the cathode and placed at 770° C. on top of the uppermost mesh layer. Above the carbonogel was placed subsequent layers of 40×40 Inconel mesh and 200×200 Monel mesh. The press plate was placed on top of the uppermost mesh layer and a pressure of 5 tons was applied for 0.5 hours. A vacuum of 0.08 MPa was applied through the metal tube shown on the left side of FIG. 2A. The vacuum draw was applied in the electrolyte collection chamber at the bottom of the extractor. Finally, the extractor was cooled, the press plate removed, the carbon product retained, and the clear extracted electrolyte removed and weighed. 93.9% of the electrolyte in the carbonogel was removed and recovered by this procedure.

It is further noted that the description and claims use several geometric or relational terms, such as planar, elongated, circular, parallel, perpendicular, orthogonal, transverse, longitudinal, and flat. In addition, the description and claims use several directional or positioning terms and the like, such as horizontal, vertical, top, bottom, left, right, up, down, distal, and proximal. Those terms are merely for convenience to facilitate the description based on the embodiments shown in the figures. Those terms are not intended to limit the invention. Thus, it should be recognized that the invention can be described in other ways without those geometric, relational, directional or positioning terms. In addition, the geometric or relational terms may not be exact. For instance, walls may not be exactly perpendicular or parallel to one another but still be considered to be substantially perpendicular or parallel because of, for example, roughness of surfaces, tolerances allowed in manufacturing, etc. And, other suitable geometries and relationships can be provided without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Example 3: High-Temperature Press Filtration Materials

Li₂CO₃ (99.6%, Rockwood), Na₂CO₃(99.9%, Solvay), and Inconel sheet (onlinemetal.com) were used for the electrosynthesis. Monel wire cloth (mesh size 50×50, 100×100, and 200×200, from Mcmaster.com), Stainless Steel 316 wire cloth (mesh size 200×1400 and 325×2300, from Mcmaster.com), Inconel alloy 600 wire cloth (mesh size 40×40, from Cleveland Wire Cloth & Mfg. Co.), and Steel perforated sheet (thickness: 0.125 inch hole Size: 0.25 inch stagger: 0.375 inch, onlinemetal.com) were employed for HTPF.

Apparatus for Extraction

A modified Paragon Caldera kiln was used for the temperature control. A self-coded pressure control software paired with a commercially available 20-ton hydraulic H-frame press was used to apply pressure control.

Three different in-house made Stainless Steel chambers were utilized (7 cm L×3 cm W×15 cm H (21 cm²), small chamber for up to 200 g sample; 12 cm L×12 cm W×15 cm H (144 cm²), medium chamber for up to 2,000 g raw product; and 15 cm L×15 cm W×18 cm H (225 cm²), large chamber for up to 4,000 g raw product) in this work.

As shown in FIG. 9 , the main HTPF extraction chamber body 900 forms a housing with an inner space that forms an enclosure. In the example embodiment shown, the chamber body 900 can be square or rectangular, though any suitable shape can be provided. The chamber body 900 can have a frame with four sides formed by walls (to best illustrate the inside elements, the walls are only shown in outline), though in some embodiments the body 900 can be a frame with open sides. A divider (e) is fixedly mounted at the interior of the chamber body 900. The divider (e) defines a top section and a bottom section inside the chamber body 900. The divider (e) can be a plate that extends about the inner perimeter of the chamber with a large center opening to form a shelf or ledge. A screen or strainer assembly is provided having a coarse screen or strainer and one or more handles. The screen can be, for example, as a steel square board (d) perforated with one or more holes (for example hole size: 0.25 inch, stagger: 0.375 inch). The screen (d) can have one or more handles extending upward from the board to enable the user to removably placing the screen assembly inside the chamber, such as by using the handles to raise and lower the board (d) into the chamber and position the board (d) onto the divider (e). The screen assembly is located in the top section, and the perforated board (d) rests on the top of the divider (e).

An optional bottom cross-support (f) can be provided in the bottom section and extend up from the bottom of the tray (g), so that the perforated square board (d) can rest on the cross-support. The cross-support (f) provides added support to the board (d) to avoid deformation of the board (d) under high temperature and pressure. One or more sandwich-type filters (c) 906 (for example, Inconel 40×40 mesh (outer layer)+Monel 200×200 mesh (inner layer)+Monel 200×200 mesh (inner layer)+Inconel 40×40 mesh (outer layer)) are placed on top of the perforated square board (d). Raw product (b) 904 and a top lid (a) 902 are placed sequentially on top of the perforated board (d).

A stainless-steel tube 910 is connected to the bottom section to bring in argon or nitrogen protection. The entire chamber is placed in a collection chamber, such as a steel tray (g) 912 with an open top. The tray 912 collects extruded electrolyte which flows down naturally by gravity. There is a space between the divider and the raw product gathered in the board (d) so that electrolyte can readily flow down from the divider.

The lid 902 can remain at the top of the chamber body 900 and not come into contact with the raw product 904 contained therein. In this manner, the raw product 904 passes through the filter 906 and grid (d), and into the tray 912, by operation of the gravitational force of the raw product 904 itself alone, without any other forces being applied.

In another embodiment, the lid 902 can slide down between the side walls and/or frame of the chamber body 900 so that the lid 902 can move linearly upward and downward in the chamber body 900. The bottom surface of the lid 902 can then come into contact with the top surface of the raw product 904 to apply a force to the raw product 904. That force can be the gravitational force of the mass of the lid 902 itself, or an added external force can be applied to the lid 902 to further apply a pressure to the raw product 904. For example, the external force can be applied by a weight and/or hydraulic system that is connected to the top of the lid 902. In one embodiment, the walls of the chamber body 900 are solid to direct all raw product 904 through the filter 906 and grid (d), so that no raw product otherwise escapes around the filter 906 and/or grid (d). That is, the lid 902 forms a fluid-tight or product-tight seal with the side walls so that raw product cannot escape between the edges of the lid 902 and the side walls. Thus, the force is maintained by the lid 902 in cooperation with the fixed side walls of the chamber and the fixed board (d), which is held in place by the divider (e).

Thus, the gravitational force acting on the raw product, and resulting in extruded electrolyte, can be due to just the weight of the raw product alone on itself, the combined mass of the lid 902 and the raw product acting on the raw product, or an additional downforce placed on the lid 902 plus its mass and the raw product acting on the raw product.

In one embodiment, the chamber is elongated with a central longitudinal axis, the divider and screen extend transversely across the chamber orthogonal to the chamber walls and longitudinal axis, and the handles raise and lower the board in a direction parallel to the longitudinal axis. In one embodiment, the divider (e) and screen (d) need not be separate elements, but can be joined to form a single integral perforated divider that is affixed to the side walls of the chamber and have openings extending therethrough and a top surface that retains the raw product. One or more filters (c) can optionally be placed on the top surface of the perforated divider, and raw product placed on top of the filters. The tray is positioned below the perforated divider and collects electrolyte that passes through the filter and divider openings by the top lid 902 pressing down on the raw product from the top of the chamber. A force can optionally be applied to the top lid 902 to apply a greater pressure to the raw product. The force can be, for example, compression, turbulence, gravitational, and applied manually, pneumatically or hydraulically. In yet another embodiment, the top lid 902 need not touch the raw product at all, and the raw product can pass through the filters and divider by the gravitational force operating on the raw product alone.

In one exemplary embodiment, the raw product comprises a mixture of carbon product and electrolyte. The filter(s) 906 separate out the carbon product and only allow the electrolyte to pass through into the tray 912, so that the carbon product remains on the top of the filter. To further facilitate the electrolyte passing through the filters 906 and board (d), the raw product can be heated to a temperature equal to or greater than the melting temperature of the electrolyte. The raw product can be heated before it is introduced into the chamber 900, and/or it can be heated after it is placed onto the filter 904 inside the chamber 900. The heat enables the electrolyte to more readily pass through the filters 906 and board 912. In one embodiment, the entire chamber 900 can be located inside a heating device, such as an oven or kiln, and all of the components of the chamber and filter are able to withstand the heated temperatures. In other embodiments, the heating device can be configured to apply heat directly to, or more directly to, the raw product.

HTPF procedure for CNT Separation from Molten Salt

FIG. 10 is a diagram of the steps for an exemplary HTPF procedure for CNT separation from molten salt.

-   1. At step S1002, (Standby operational mode), the HTPF chamber is     pre-heated in the kiln to 750° C. before the extraction. On the high     side, this can be greater than or equal to the melting point of the     electrolyte in the raw product. For example on the high side, the     temperature can be greater than or equal to the 720° C. melting     point of a Li₂CO₃ electrolyte. On the intermediate side, this can be     greater than or equal to the melting point of mixed carbonate     electrolyte, such as above the 600° C. melting point of a mix of     Na₂CO₃ and Li₂CO₃ electrolyte, further lowered by inclusion of     hydroxides, borate or other salts. On the low side, this can be     greater than or equal to the 399° C. melting point of a ternary     Li₂CO₃, Na₂CO₃, K₂CO₃ eutectic mix electrolyte. -   2. At step S1004, (Assemble operational mode), the raw product is     loaded in between the filter and top lid.

The sample can be easily removed from the electrode with a heated steel shovel when it is fresh, gel-like, and hot. If the sample is solidified in room temperature, wait ˜30 min to re-melt. A quick transfer is always preferred to retain and preserve heat.

The raw sample can be poured into the chamber onto the filters. Or, the screen assembly can be raised out of the chamber, the raw sample placed onto the filters, then the screen assembly lowered back down into the chamber to rest on the divider and optional cross-support.

-   3. At step S1006, (Press operational mode), a press is used to apply     a constant pressure on the top lid 902. The press can be an     artificial force, such as a hydraulic or other mechanical press. The     pressure used preferably ranges from 1 to 100 atm.

The electrolyte will be pressed out and collected by the bottom collector tray 912. That is, the electrolyte presses out of the raw material, then passes through the filter (c) and the holes in the screen board (d), and into the bottom collector tray 912. The CNT will be retained on top of the filter (c). A 5 mL/min Ar or N₂ flow is applied through the tube 910 to decrease potential CNT oxidation.

-   4. At step S1008, (Release operational mode), the pressure is     released after the designated pressing time is done.

The CNT sample is removed from the chamber with the filter by lifting the perforated steel board using the handle. The as-produced carbon patty is slim and chunky. The electrolyte collected in the tray 912 can be directly transferred back to the synthesis cell. For example, the entire chamber housing can have one or more handles, and the chamber lifted out of the tray 912. Or the tray 912 can have an outlet port through which the electrolyte can be removed or pumped back to the electrolysis chamber.

It is noted that in the embodiment shown and described, the perforated board (c) is removably positioned in the chamber housing by using a divider shelf. However, other suitable embodiments can be provided. For example, the shelf and cross-support need not be used, and instead feet can be mounted to the bottom of the board to create a distance between the bottom of the tray 912 and the bottom of the board. Or, the board can be fixedly mounted to the housing and not have handles. Accordingly, the disclosure is not limited to the specific examples shown and described herein.

Analytical method

After the extraction, the weight difference between the electrolyte collector before and after is the electrolyte extracted out from the process (marked weight as M_(EE)). The Electrolyte extraction rate (EE %) is calculated by

EE %=M _(EE) /M _(e)×100%

Where the M_(e) is the original electrolyte weight estimated from multiple aliquots. A PHENOM Pro-X SEM and a FEI Talos F200X TEM were used to analyze the morphology of the CNT and the surface of the metal screen.

Results and discussion

A previously reported CO₂ to Carbon NanoTube (C2CNT) molten carbonate electrolysis methodology (see e.g. Citation 16) was applied to provide the raw product. The electrolyte composition is 80% Li₂CO₃ and 20% Na₂CO₃. A pair of 37.5 cm×23 cm brass sheet and Inconel 718 sheet were used as cathode and anode. Electrolysis was conducted under 0.2 A/cm² constant current for 4 hours at 750° C. The average diameter of the CNT product sample used is about 100 nm and 30-100 μm long with 5% amorphous carbon impurities.

Filter Choice

The choice of filter (c) is one useful aspect to optimization of the filtration process. Due to the high temperature of the molten alkali carbonate salt, a casually chosen filter may damage quickly and lead to inconsistent or even counterproductive results. Utilizing stable material is advantageous for effective and economical production. Stainless steel, nickel, brass, nickel-chromium alloy, and nickel-copper alloy are common electrodes in molten salt CO₂ electrolysis, that have screens in a variety of mesh sizes that are commercially available. In the present disclosure, we heat Monel, SS 304, SS 316, brass screens in the electrolyte under 750° C., and 5000 kg (the gauge reported force in mass, actual force is mass times earth (9.8 m/s²)) force for 15 min to test chemical stability.

After rinsing with water, their appearances have noticeable differences as seen in FIG. 11 , the two stainless-steel screens turn to blackish color in different degree, and the brass or the nickel screen show obvious deformation and tearing, while only the Monel screen is slightly darkened and remains the same shape after the test. The SEM analysis further confirms the corrosion level is Ni>Cu>SS 304>SS 316>Monel according to the surface damage evaluation. Therefore, Monel and SS 316 is mainly used as the filter in the other tests.

Filter Pore Size

A 100 g sample was tested with filter screen of mesh size 50×50 (Monel, open size 279 μm), 100×100 (Monel, open size 140 μm), 200×200 (Monel, open size 86 μm), 400×400 (SS 316, open size 38 μm), 200×1400 (SS, open size 10 μm) and 325×2300 (SS 316, open size 5 μm) in small chamber under 500 kg pressure and 750° C. for 30 min. The calculated Electrolyte Extracted percentage (EE %) and carbon preserved percentage (the actual pure carbon weight compared with the theoretical value) results are shown in FIG. 12 . The percentage of electrolyte extracted decreases when the mesh number increases,—while the carbon preserved on the filter increases. The CNT sample tested is 30-100 μm in length and ˜100 nm in radius, and even with aggregation will escape with electrolyte when the pore size is too large. On the other hand, the CNT bundle under pressure can clog up too small a pore. It was found the Monel 200×200 filter has the best overall extraction performance, considering that SS 316 400×400 wire diameter is only 25 μm and potentially not durable for repetitive use.

Effect of Pressure

Three types of samples weighing 50 g, 340 g, and 535 g were separately extracted in small, medium, and large chambers to maintain the same weight-to-area ratio. The pressing time lasted 30 min, with each run having identical procedures and a fresh filter. The resulting electrolyte extraction rate with the pressure variation are as shown in FIG. 13A. The result improved on a logarithmic scale with pressure increase. The maximum electrolyte extraction value reached 94 to 95% for each chamber when the pressure was 700 kg for the small chamber (472 psi), 5000 kg for the medium chamber (493 psi), or 7000 kg for the large chamber (442 psi). This can be explained by the fact that the volume contraction generally correlates with the amount of the electrolyte pressed out. However, when the volume decreased to a certain level (in our case, the sample thickness decreased from 2 cm to 0.2 cm, FIGS. 13B, 13C), this trend decreased, which is believed to be due to (i) incomplete compression due to the back pressure of the high CNT tensile strength, (ii) residual electrolyte amongst the fully compressed CNTs, (iii) back-draw of electrolyte into the product when the pressure is released and the compressed matrix re-expands in accord with other CNT aerogels (see e.g. Citations 30-33, 34). Even with higher pressure, only the perforated steel board deformation, but no additional volume change was observed. Furthermore, (iv) some electrolyte may remain within the CNT and cannot be physically pressed out. As seen in the FIG. 13D TEM image, after press filtration some electrolyte residue (dark part inside the tube) still can occasionally be observed, although reverse capillary action (acting on the CNT as electrolyte is drained) can minimize this effect.

Effect of Thermal Treatment for CNT Purification

1000 kg force was placed on 100 g of sample in the small chamber for 0.5-3 hrs and found that longer processing time generally led to more electrolyte pressed out (FIG. 14A). However, the carbon product weight decreased significantly after heating over 1 hr (FIG. 14B). The CNT morphology demonstrated changes as shown in FIGS. 14D-G SEM images. The amorphous carbon disappeared in the first-hour, but the CNT was shortened and crouched afterward. In the extraction system, although the argon or N₂ atmosphere was introduced to protect the product, the sample was still in a semi-open environment and had an opportunity to contact with O₂ from the air. When the electrolyte separated with the CNT, amorphous carbon got exposed to air and reacted with it under high heat. This phenomenon was reported as a thermal treatment method for bare CNTs purification (see e.g. Citation 35) and our result showed that the CNT purity was improved from ˜95% to 99%. For the purpose of maintaining the CNT morphology, the total processing time after molten should be within 1 hour.

Example 4: High-Temperature Press Filtration with Gravitational Force

Example 4 utilizes the materials, process, and apparatus discussed in Example 3, but the process varies in the HTPF procedure shown with regard to FIG. 10 in that it uses gravitational force in the absence of (without) an artificial force such as a mechanical press. That modified HTPF process is described with respect to FIG. 15 .

HTPF procedure for CNT Separation from Molten Salt Using Gravitational Force

-   1. At step S1502, (Standby operational mode), \ the HTPF chamber is     preheated in the kiln to 750° C. before the extraction. As above,     the temperate range is equal to or above that of the melting point     of the electrolyte in the raw product. -   2. At step S1504, (Assemble operational mode), the raw product is     loaded in between the filter and top lid.

The sample can be easily removed from the electrode with a heated steel shovel when it is fresh, gel-like, and hot. If the sample is solidified in room temperature, wait ˜30 min to re-melt. A quick transfer is always preferred to retain and preserve heat.

-   3. At step S1506, (Press operational mode), a gravitational (rather     than artificial) force is applied to the solid/carbon molten     electrolyte. After electrolysis, this gravitational force can     include (i) weights pressing on the solid/carbon molten electrolyte,     and/or (ii) hanging the cathode with solid/molten electrolyte and     excess electrolyte spontaneously drips from the solid/molten     electrolyte due to its weight. After ½ hour, this gravitational     applied force will have removed greater than 35% by weight of     electrolyte from the solid/molten electrolyte on the cathode. In the     embodiment shown, a lid covers the raw material, but in other     embodiments no lid is provided and the electrolyte can pass out of     the raw material by force of gravity. In one embodiment, the raw     material rests on the filter and is not hung. -   4. At step S1508, (Release operational mode), the gravitational     force is removed after the predesignated pressing time is done.

The CNT sample is removed from the chamber with the filter by lifting the perforated steel board with the handle.

The removed electrolyte appears free of (black) carbon product. In this example, the dripped electrolyte is collected in a pan under the cathode and is available for return and reuse in the electrolyte.

The following documents are incorporated herein by reference.

(1) Ren et al., One-pot synthesis of carbon nanofibers from CO2, Nano. Lett., 15, 6142-6148 (2015); (2) Johnson et al., Carbon nanotube wools made directly from CO₂ by molten electrolysis: Value driven pathways to carbon dioxide greenhouse gas mitigation, Materials Today Energy, 5, 230-236 (2017); (3) Ren et al., Tracking airborne CO₂ mitigation and low-cost transformation into valuable carbon Nanotubes, Scientific Reports, Nature, 6, 27760 1-10 (2016); (4) Wu et al., One-pot synthesis of nanostructured carbon material from carbon dioxide via electrolysis in molten carbonate salts, Carbon, 106, 208-217 (2016); (5) Wang et al., Exploration of alkali cation variation on the synthesis of carbon nanotubes by electrolysis of CO2 in molten carbonates, J. CO ₂ Utilization, 34, 303-312 (2019); (6) Liu et al., Carbon Nano-Onions Made Directly from CO₂ by Molten Electrolysis for Greenhouse Gas Mitigation, Advanced Sustainable Systems, 1900056, 1-10 (2019); (7) Yu et al., Strength and Breaking Mechanism of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Under Tensile Load, Science. 287, 637-640 (2000); (8) Chang et al., A New Lower Limit for the Ultimate Breaking Strain of Carbon Nanotubes, ACS Nano, 4, 5095-5100 (2010); (9) S. Licht, B. Wang, S. Ghosh, H. Ayub, D. Jiang, J. Ganley, A New Solar Carbon Capture Process: Solar Thermal Electrochemical Photo (STEP) Carbon Capture, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 1 (2010), 2363-2368; (10) J. Ren, F.-F. Li, J. Lau, L. González-Urbina, S. Licht, One-pot synthesis of carbon nanofibers from CO₂, Nano Lett. 15, (2015) 6142-6148; (11) Z. Chen, Y. Gu, K. Du, X. Wang, W., Xiao, X. Mao, D. Wang, Enhanced electrocatalysis performance of amorphous electrolytic carbon from CO₂ for oxygen reduction by surface modification in molten salt, Electrochim. Acta 253 (2017) 248-256; (12) W. Weng, T. Lizi, W. Xiao, Capture and electro-splitting of CO2 in molten salts, J. Energy Chem. 28 (2019) 128-143; (13) J. Ren, A. Yu, P. Peng, M. Lefler, F.-F. Li, F. F., S. Licht, Recent Advances in Solar Thermal Electrochemical Process (STEP) for Carbon Neutral Products and High Value Nanocarbons, Accounts Chem. Res. 52 (2019) 3177-3187; (14) M. Johnson, J., Ren, M. Lefler, G. Licht, J. Vicini, X. Liu, S. Licht, Carbon Nanotube Wools Made Directly from CO₂ by Molten Electrolysis: Value Driven Pathways to Carbon Dioxide Greenhouse Gas Mitigation, Materials Today Energy 5 (2017) 230-236; (15) Z. Li, G. Wang, W. Zhang, Z. Qiao, Z., H. Wu, Carbon Nanotubes Synthesis from CO₂ Based on the Molten Salts Electrochemistry: Effect of Alkaline Earth Carbonate Additives on the Diameter of the Carbon Nanotubes, J. Electrochem, Soc. 166 (2019) D415-D420; (16) X. Wang, X. Liu, G. Licht, B. Wang, B., S. Licht, Exploration of alkali cation variation on the synthesis of carbon nanotubes by electrolysis of CO2 in molten carbonates, J, CO2 Utilization 34 (2019) 303-312; (17) X. Wang, F. Sharif, X. Liu, G. Licht, M. Lefler, S. Licht, Magnetic Carbon Nanotubes: Carbide nucleated electrochemical growth of ferromagnetic CNGTs from CO₂, J. CO2 Utilization 40 (2020) 101218; (18) M.-F. Yu, O. Lourie, M. Dyer, K. Moloni, T. Kelly, R. Ruoff, Strength and Breaking Mechanism of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Under Tensile Load, Science 287 (2000) 637-640; (19) C.-C. Chang, H.-K. Hsu, M. Aykol, W.-H. Hung, C.-C. Chen, S. Cronin, A New Lower Limit for the Ultimate Breaking Strain of Carbon Nanotubes, ACS Nano 4 (2010) 5095-5100; (20) J. B. Knighton, R. G. Auge, J. W. Berry, R. C. Franchini, Molten salt extraction of americium from molten plutonium metal, No. RFP-2365, Atomics International Div., Golden, Colo. (USA). (1976); (21) J. H. L. Van Linden, D. L. Stewart, Molten salt flux composition effects in aluminum scrap re-melting, Essential Readings in Light Metal, Springer, (2016) 173-180); (22) X. Y. Yan, D. J. Fray, Molten salt electrolysis for sustainable metals extraction and materials processing—A review, Electrolysis: Theory, Types and Applications, S. Kuai and J. Meng, eds., Nova Science, New York (2010); (23) N. Q. Minh, Extraction of metals by molten salt electrolysis: Chemical fundamentals and design factors J. Mat. 37 (1985) 28-33; (24) M. Zhou, D., Shu, K. Li, W. Y. Zhang, H. J. Ni, B. D. Sun, J. Wang, Deep filtration of molten aluminum using ceramic foam filters and ceramic particles with active coatings, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 34 (2003) 1183-1191; (25) L. N. W. Damoah, L. Zhang, Removal of inclusions from aluminum through filtration. Metallurgical Mat. Trans. B 41 (2010) 886-907; (26) L. J. Gauckler, M. M. Waeber, C. Conti, M. Jacob-Duliere, Ceramic foam for molten metal filtration, J. Mat., 37 (1985) 47-50; (27) Gui et al., Carbon nanotube sponges, Advanced Materials, 22, 617-621 (2010); (28) Wu et al., Carbon nanofiber aerogels for emergent cleanup of oil spillage and chemical leakage under harsh conditions, Scientific Reports, 4, 4079 1-6 (2014); (29) Kim et al., Graphene-Coated Carbon Nanotube Aerogels Remain Superelastic while Resisting Fatigue and Creep over −100 to +500° C., Chemistry of Materials, 4, 2748-2755 (2017); (30) X. Gui, J. Wei, K. Wang, A. Cao, H. Zhu, Y. Jia, Q. Shu, D. Wu, Carbon nanotube sponges, Adv, Mat. 22 (2010) 617-621; (31) Z.-Y. Wu, C. Li, H.-W. Liang, Y.-N. Zhang, X. Wang, J.-F. Chen, S.-H. Yu, Carbon nanofiber aerogels for emergent cleanup of oil spillage and chemical leakage under harsh conditions, Scientific Reports 4 (2014) 4079 1-6; (32) Kyu Hun Kim, Michelle N. Tsui, and Mohammad F. Islam, Graphene-Coated Carbon Nanotube Aerogels Remain Superelastic while Resisting Fatigue and Creep over −100 to +500° C., Chemistry of Materials, 4(2017) 2748-2755; (33) W. Wan, R. Zhang, W. Li, H. Liu, Y. Lin, L. Li, Y. Zhou, Graphene—carbon nanotube aerogel as an ultra-light, compressible and recyclable highly efficient absorbent for oil and dyes. Environmental Science, Nano, 3(1) (2016) 107-113; (34) S. Ozden, T. N. Narayanan, C. S. Tiwary, P. Dong, A. H. Hart, R. Vajtai, P. M. Ajayan, 3D macroporous solids from chemically cross-linked carbon nanotubes, Small 11 (2015) 688-693; (35) K. Behler, S. Osswald, H. Ye, S. Dimovski, Y. Gogotsi, Effect of thermal treatment on the structure of multi-walled carbon nanotubes, J. Nanoparticle Res., 8 (2006) 615-625.

It is noted that the drawings may illustrate, and the description and claims may use geometric or relational terms, such as square, rectangular, perimeter, top, bottom. These terms are not intended to limit the disclosure and, in general, are used for convenience to facilitate the description based on the examples shown in the figures. In addition, the geometric or relational terms may not be exact. For instance, walls may not be exactly square because of, for example, roughness of surfaces, tolerances allowed in manufacturing, etc., but may still be considered to be square.

The foregoing description and drawings should be considered as illustrative only of the principles of the invention. The invention may be configured in a variety of shapes and sizes and is not intended to be limited by the embodiment. Numerous applications of the invention will readily occur to those skilled in the art. Therefore, it is not desired to limit the invention to the specific examples disclosed or the exact construction and operation shown and described. Rather, all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to, falling within the scope of the invention. 

1-41. (canceled)
 42. A process comprising: heating, if not molten, a carbon electrolyte to form a mixed product of a molten carbonate and a solid carbon product including nano-materials with tangled matrices; applying a force to the mixed product; filtering the mixed product with a filter having pores larger than the tangled nano-materials to separate the carbon electrolyte from the nano-materials; releasing the force; and removing the solid carbon product.
 43. The process according to claim 42, wherein applying and releasing the force is repeated two, three or four times, prior to removing the solid carbon product.
 44. The process according to claim 42, wherein the force includes a pressure of between 10 psi and 100,000 psi.
 45. (canceled)
 46. The process according to claim 42, wherein the filter comprises a porous carbon felt, a graphite felt, a metal mesh, a porous or sieve ceramic, or any combination thereof.
 47. The process according to claim 42, wherein the pores of the filter have a size between 10 μm and 10 mm.
 48. The process according to claim 42, wherein the process is conducted at a temperature between 399° C. and 900° C.
 49. The process according to claim 42, further comprising applying a vacuum while applying the force.
 50. The process according to claim 49, wherein the process is conducted at a pressure between 0.1 and 0.9 atmospheres.
 51. The process according to claim 49, wherein the process is conducted at a pressure less than 0.1 atmospheres.
 52. The process according to claim 42, wherein the process is conducted under a gas that is free of oxygen.
 53. The process according to claim 52, wherein the gas is selected from nitrogen, carbon dioxide, argon, methane, ammonia, hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, and any combination thereof.
 54. The process according to claim 42, wherein the mixed product is cooled and reheated prior to applying the force.
 55. The process according to claim 42, wherein the force is applied directly to the mixed product on a cathode in an electrolysis chamber.
 56. The process according to claim 42, further comprising moving the mixed product from a cathode of an electrolysis chamber to an extraction chamber prior to applying the force.
 57. The process according to claim 42, wherein the carbon electrolyte is not a flowing electrolyte.
 58. The process according to claim 42 wherein the carbon electrolyte is not recirculated via a recirculation loop.
 59. The process according to claim 42, wherein the solid carbon product has an average thickness greater than 1 millimeter.
 60. The process according to claim 42, wherein the solid carbon product comprises greater than 80% carbon nano-materials.
 61. The process according to claim 42, wherein the solid carbon product comprises greater than 85% carbon nano-materials.
 62. The process according to claim 42, wherein the solid carbon product comprises greater than 90% nano-materials.
 63. The process according to claim 42, wherein solid carbon product comprises greater than 95% carbon nano-materials.
 64. The process according to claim 42, wherein the nano-materials comprise nano-fibers.
 65. The process according to claim 42, wherein the nano-materials comprise nano-tubes.
 66. The process according to claim 42, wherein the nano-materials comprise nano-onions.
 67. The process according to claim 42, wherein the nano-materials comprise nano-platelets.
 68. The process according to claim 42, wherein the nano-materials comprise nano-scaffolds.
 69. The process according to claim 42, wherein the nano-materials comprise graphene.
 70. (canceled)
 71. The process according to claim 42, wherein the solid carbon product comprises a paste.
 72. The process of claim 42, wherein the applied force is gravitational.
 73. A process comprising: heating, if not molten, a carbon electrolyte to form a mixed product including a molten carbonate with tangled matrices; applying a turbulent force to the mixed product to separate the carbon electrolyte from a solid carbon product; releasing the turbulent force; and removing the solid carbon product.
 74. A process comprising: heating, if not molten, a carbon electrolyte to form a mixed product including a molten carbonate with tangled matrices on a cathode; applying a force to the mixed product to separate the carbon electrolyte from a solid carbon product; releasing the force; and removing the solid carbon product from the cathode, wherein the force is applied prior to removing the solid carbon product from the cathode. 